Optical illusion. A misleading visual image. For the purpose of this handbook, the term refers to the brain’s misinterpretation of features on the ground associated with landing, which causes a pilot to misread the spatial relationships between the aircraft and the runway.
Orientation. Awareness of the position of the aircraft and of oneself in relation to a speci.c reference point.
Otolith organ. An inner ear organ that detects linear acceleration and gravity orientation.
Outer marker. A marker beacon at or near the glide slope intercept altitude of an ILS approach. It is normally located four to seven miles from the runway threshold on the extended centerline of the runway.
Overcontrolling. Using more movement in the control column than is necessary to achieve the desired pitch-and bank condition.
Overpower. To use more power than required for the purpose of achieving a faster rate of airspeed change.
P-static. See precipitation static.
PAPI. See precision approach path indicator.
PAR. See precision approach radar.
Parasite drag. Drag caused by the friction of air moving over the aircraft structure; its amount varies directly with the airspeed.
PFD. See primary flight display.
PIC. See pilot-in-command.
Pilot-in-command (PIC). The pilot responsible for the operation and safety of an aircraft.
Pilot report (PIREP). Report of meteorological phenomena encountered by aircraft.
Pilot’s Operating Handbook/Airplane Flight Manual (POH/AFM). FAA-approved documents published by the airframe manufacturer that list the operating conditions for a particular model of aircraft.
PIREP. See pilot report.
Pitot pressure. Ram air pressure used to measure airspeed.
Pitot-static head. A combination pickup used to sample pitot pressure and static air pressure.
Plan view. The overhead view of an approach procedure on an instrument approach chart. The plan view depicts the routes that guide the pilot from the en route segments to the IAF.
POH/AFM. See Pilot’s Operating Handbook/Airplane Flight Manual.
Point-in-space approach. A type of helicopter instrument approach procedure to a missed approach point more than 2,600 feet from an associated helicopter landing area.
Position error. Error in the indication of the altimeter, ASI, and VSI caused by the air at the static system entrance not being absolutely still.
Position report. A report over a known location as transmitted by an aircraft to ATC.
Precession. The characteristic of a gyroscope that causes an applied force to be felt, not at the point of application, but 90° from that point in the direction of rotation.
Precipitation static (P-static). A form of radio interference caused by rain, snow, or dust particles hitting the antenna and inducing a small radio-frequency voltage into it.
Precision approach. A standard instrument approach procedure in which both vertical and horizontal guidance is provided.
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